1) Introduction: Wheelset Reliability under Extreme Cold In cold and sub-zero regions, railway operators face operational challenges that go beyond standard mechanical wear. Low temperatures can affect material behavior, lubrication performance, and dimensional stability, making the railway wheelset ...
1) Introduction: Load Instability in Modern Intermodal Networks As intermodal transport expands, railway wagons increasingly carry containers and modular cargo with varying weight distributions. This trend places new demands on the bogie, which must handle frequent load changes while maintaining ...
1) Introduction: Maintenance Pressure in Harsh Environments In desert and semi-arid regions, freight railway operators face a different set of challenges compared to temperate networks. High temperatures, fine dust, and limited access to maintenance facilities often lead to accelerated wear of ...